American Gulag 2012 - 2
di Claudio Giusti*

< prima parte

APPENDICE - Come ho fatto i conti

1,6 prisons
0,7 jails
0,1 juvies
2,4 totale
300 milioni di americani diviso 2,4 milioni di galeotti fa un galeotto ogni 125 abitanti
2,4 milioni diviso 3.000 fa 800 galeotti per 100.000 abitanti.

Con i quasi 5 milioni in parole e probation passiamo a uno ogni 40 abitanti e 2.466 ogni 100.000

Attenzione: Molti dei dati in circolazione non sono aggiornati o non tengono conto dei minorenni in riformatorio, oppure riguardano solo una parte degli Usa (le contee urbanizzate)

Note bibliografiche:

per il significato dei termini giuridici vedi: http://www.osservatoriosullalegalita.org/special/usjus2/005us1-A.htm

ACLU Annual Report on Conditions Inside Los Angeles County Jail 2008-2009 http://www.aclu-sc.org/documents/view/245

ACT, Reading Between the Lines: What the ACT Reveals About College Readiness in Reading http://www.act.org/research/policymakers/pdf/reading_summary.pdf

America’s “Mental Health Gulag” http://www.thecrimereport.org/news/articles/2012-01-americas-mental-health-gulag

http://www.jsonline.com/features/health/134341463.html

http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/crcl/vol41_2/fellner.pdf

American-Statesman Texas ex offenders are denied job licenses, April 10, 2011 http://www.statesman.com/news/statesman_focus/texas-ex-offenders-are-denied-job-licenses-1389337.html

Amnesty International AMR 51/019/1999 Not Part of my Sentence. Violation of H R of Women in Custody http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AMR51/019/1999 AMR 51/041/2011

USA: 100 years in solitary: The 'Angola 3' and their fight for justice http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AMR51/041/2011/en

AP: Associated Press Half of Violent Crimes Not Reported to Police March 3 2003 http://www.policeone.com/news/60498-Half-of-Violent-Crimes-Not-Reported-to-Police/

Amy Bach Ordinary Injustice: How America Holds Court New York, Metropolitan Books, 2009 pagina 86 BBC News More black US men in jail than college 29 August, 2002 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2223709.stm

BJS: Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/

Reporting Crime to the Police, 1992-2000 State Court Organization, 1987-2004 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies 2004 Suicide and Homicide in State Prisons and Local Jails 2005 Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates 2006 Prisoners in 2010 Jails Inmates at Midyear 2010 Jails in Indian country 2010 Probation and Parole in the United States 2010 Correctional Populations in the United States 2010 CEPR June 2010, John Schmitt, Kris Warner, and Sarika Gupta The High Budgetary Cost of Incarceration http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/incarceration-2010-06.pdf

Chained and Pregnant http://www.thecrimereport.org/archive/2011-08-chained-and-pregnant

David Cole Can Our Shameful Prisons Be Reformed? New York Review of Books Volume 56, Number 18 · November 19, 2009 http://www.nybooks.com/articles/23382 Courier Journal Justice Delayed, Justice Denied

Serie di articoli comparsa fra il 2002 e il 2003 http://www.courier-journal.com/cjextra/2003projects/justice/index.html

The Dallas Morning News Prosecutor defends 16-year sentence given to man for stealing Snickers bar 7 April 2000 http://www.commondreams.org/headlines/040700-01.htm

Plan to eliminate jail time for fine-only crimes could save Dallas $1 million a year April 20, 2008 http://gritsforbreakfast.blogspot.com/2008/04/reducing-dallas-jails-debtor-prison.html

“Frequent fliers” run up Dallas County's homeless tab August 2, 2009 http://www.everydaycitizen.com/2009/08/homeless_neighbors_a_very_bad.html

DeParle Jason The American Prison Nightmare New York Review of Books April 12, 2007 http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20056

Death Row USA (NAACPDF) http://naacpldf.org/death-row-usa

Detroit Free Press Nonviolent sex offenders ensnared in state's red tape 22 July 2011 http://www.freep.com/article/20110722/COL04/107220445/Brian-Dickerson-Sex-registry-letter-haunts-dead-son-s-family?odyssey=tab|topnews|text|FRONTPAGE

Donohoe Martin Incarceration Nation 2006 http://phsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/incarceration-nation-short-v.ppt

The Economist A nation of jailbirds Apr 2nd 2009 http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13415267

Gulags in the sun Aug 13th 2009 http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14222337

Too many laws too many prisoners July 22nd 2010 http://www.economist.com/node/16636027?story_id=16636027

Epstein Helen America's Prisons: Is There Hope? New York Review of Books June 11, 2009 http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22741

Fagan Jeffrey Death And Deterrence Redux: Science, Law And Causal Reasoning On Capital Punishment 4 Ohio St. J. Crim. L. 255 (2006). http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/osjcl/Articles/Volume4_1/Fagan.pdf

Forbes 13 July 2009 America’s Jail Crisis http://www.forbes.com/2009/07/10/jails-houston-recession-business-beltway-jails.html

Friedman Lawrence M. Law in America. A Short History, New York, Modern Library, 2002 pagina 110 Harcourt, Bernard E. From the Asylum to the Prison: Rethinking the Incarceration Revolution (January 2006). U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 114 http://ssrn.com/abstract=881865

Harcourt, Bernard E. From the Asylum to the Prison: Rethinking the Incarceration Revolution - Part II (March 2007). U of Chicago Law & Economics, Olin Working Paper No. 335 http://ssrn.com/abstract=970341

Bernard E. Harcourt The Mentally Ill, Behind Bars NYT January 15, 2007 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/15/opinion/15harcourt.html

HRW: Human Rights Watch Ill-Equipped: U.S. Prisons and Offenders with Mental Illness 2003 http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/usa1003/

Targeting Blacks: Drug Law Enforcement and Race in the United States 2009 http://www.hrw.org/en/node/62236/section/1 Old Behind Bars 2012 http://www.hrw.org/node/104747/section/5

Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/23/supreme-court-orders-cali_n_865503.html

ICJ: The International Commission Of Jurists Administration of the Death Penalty in the United States. Geneva, ICJ, 1996 JPI Justice Policy Institute Cellblocks or Classrooms?: The Funding of Higher Education and Corrections and Its Impact on African American Men http://www.soros.org/initiatives/usprograms/focus/justice/articles_publications/publications/cellblocks_20020918/coc.pdf

Justice Strategies Children on the Outside: Voicing the Pain and Human Costs of Parental Incarceration. http://www.justicestrategies.org/publications/2011/children-outside-voicing-pain-and-human-costs-parental-incarceration

Adam Liptak Prisons Often Shackle Pregnant Inmates in Labor New York Times March 2, 2006 http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/02/national/02shackles.html?pagewanted=all

Lifers as Teenagers, Now Seeking Second Chance New York Times October 17, 2007 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/us/17teenage.html?pagewanted=all

1 in 100 U.S. Adults Behind Bars, New Study Says New York Times February 28, 2008 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/28/us/28cnd-prison.html

Inmate Count in U.S. Dwarfs Other Nations New York Times April 23, 2008 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/23/us/23prison.html?pagewanted=all

G. E. Mize et al. The State of the State Survey of Jury Improvement Efforts State Justice Institute April 2007 http://www.ncsconline.org/D_Research/cjs/pdf/SOSCompendiumFinal.pdf

New York Times Mentally Ill Offenders Strain Juvenile System August 10, 2009 http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/10/us/10juvenile.html?hp

Hawaii to Remove Inmates Over Abuse Charges August 26, 2009 http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/26/us/26kentucky.html

Threadbare American Justice August 17, 2011 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/18/opinion/threadbare-american-justice.html

Does America Have a Future? September 8, 2011 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/11/books/review/that-used-to-be-us-by-thomas-l-friedman-and-michael-mandelbaum-book-review.html?_r=1&ref=global-home

The True Cost of High School Dropouts25 Jan 2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/26/opinion/the-true-cost-of-high-school-dropouts.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss

Life, With Dementia NYT 25 Feb 2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/health/dealing-with-dementia-among-aging-criminals.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all

The New Yorker. March 30, 2009 http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/03/30/090330fa_fact_gawande?currentPage=all

NPR. Life in Solitary Confinement http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5584841

NPR September 4, 2011 Nation s Jails Struggle With Mentally Ill Prisoners http://www.npr.org/2011/09/04/140167676/nations-jails-struggle-with-mentally-ill-prisoners PEW: One in 100 http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/uploadedFiles/8015PCTS_Prison08_FINAL_2-1-1_FORWEB.pdf

PEW: One in 31 http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/uploadedFiles/PSPP_1in31_report_FINAL_WEB_3-26-09.pdf

Prisonsucks http://www.prisonsucks.com/ David J. Rothman The Crime of Punishment, The New York Review of Books, 17 Feb 1994 Seattle Post 8 babies behind bars at Washington women’s prison 16 Feb 2011 http://www.seattlepi.com/local/6420ap_wa_prison_babies.html

The Sentencing Project http://www.sentencingproject.org/ Young Black American and the Criminal Justice System http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/rd_youngblack_5yrslater.pdf

http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/rd_crisisoftheyoung.pdf http://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/sp/disparity.pdf

Women in the Criminal Justice System: Briefing Sheets May 2007 http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/womenincj_total.pdf

No Exit: The Expanding Use of Life Sentences in America 2009 http://sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/publications/inc_noexitseptember2009.pdf San Francisco Chronicle Every Day at least 6,000 new inmates march into the Los Angeles County Jail. 26 Nov 2001 http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2001/11/26/ED195664.DTL

Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/ SCHR: Southern Centre for Human Rights http://www.schr.org/

St Petersburg Times Under 12, Under Arrest http://www.sptimes.com/News/webspecials/under12/

Time Magazine Tallying Mental Illness' Costs May. 09, 2008 http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1738804,00.html

Getting the Juvenile-Justice System to Grow Up Mar. 24, 2009 http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1887182,00.html

1 in 3 American Youth Are Arrested By Age 23 19 Dec 2011 http://healthland.time.com/2011/12/19/study-1-in-3-american-youth-are-arrested-by-age-23/

UCR: Uniform Crime Report, US Department of Justice, FBI. http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/ucr

US DOJ Department of Justice Juvenile Arrests 2009 http://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/236477.pdf

Vera Institute, Aging Prisoners 2010 http://www.vera.org/download?file=2973/Its-about-time-aging-prisoners-increasing-costs-and-geriatric-release.pdf

The Washington Times A $600 drug deal, 40 years in prison June 29, 2008 http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/jun/29/a-600-drug-deal-40-years-in-prison/

Senator Jim Webb Facts About The Prison System In The United States http://kentuckydpa.blogspot.com/2007/12/facts-about-prison-system-in-united.html

The National Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2009 http://virginiadem.wordpress.com/2009/04/02/senator-webbs-national-criminal-justice-commission-act-of-2009-gathers-support/

Why We Must Fix Our Prisons http://www.parade.com/news/2009/03/why-we-must-fix-our-prisons.html?index=2

* componente del Comitato Scientifico dell'Osservatorio. Questo saggio è periodicamente aggiornato e migliorato (aggiornato 8 marzo 2012)

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